GPON is a widely used broadband fiber access technology, which has the characteristics of passive (access equipment in the line) and point-to-multipoint (one OLT port connects multiple ONUs through a splitter). As a leading supplier of GPON products, Intech can customize various access solutions (FTTH, FTTB, FTTC, FTTO, FTTP, etc.) and provide cost-optimized and most fully functional fiber products for each solution. When you choose fiber products for GPON solutions, pay attention to the following points:
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When building and maintaining a GPON network, a variety of key fiber optic products are used, as following:
Backbone outdoor fiber cable – fiber truck cable connects the central office (CO) or optical distribution point (ODP) to the optical distribution point (ODP) or fiber cross-connection cabinet (FDC).
Metal reinforced core, aluminum-plastic composite belt longitudinal package, polyethylene sheath, with good tensile and compressive resistance and moisture-proof performance.
Non-metallic reinforced core (FRP aramid yarn), all dielectric fiber optic cable, suitable for areas prone to lightning or scenarios that require protection against electromagnetic interference.
Outdoor fiber optic cable distribution – from fiber cross cabinet (FDC) to fiber distribution terminal (FDT) or user access point (DP) .
Central bundle tube type, non-metallic reinforcement, steel-plastic composite belt longitudinal package with steel wire, polyethylene sheath, compact structure, suitable for pipelines and overhead.
The all dielectric self supporting cable is directly installed on the power poles, without the need for suspension wires, and has good insulation performance.
Fiber drop cable – from fiber distribution box (FDT) or user access point (DP) to the user’s home or office (ONT/ONU).
Flat, 1~2 core G.657A1/A2 bend-resistant fiber, parallel reinforcements (FRP or steel wire) on both sides, easy to lay on indoor and outdoor walls and pass through pipes. It is the mainstream optical cable for fiber to home.
Similar to the smaller GYXTW cable, used where need stronger mechanical protection.
Used for vertical wiring (vertical trunk line in the building) and horizontal wiring (from the corridor to the user's door) in the building. Flame retardant (LSZH low-smoke zero-halogen sheath) is required.
With tight buffer layer outside the optical fiber, simple structure, easy termination.
Contains multiple tight-buffered fibers or sub-units, convenient for multi-user distribution.
Widely used for indoor horizontal wiring, with steel reinforcement or solid steel wire.
GPON splitter – The core component of the GPON network, which distributes downstream optical signals from the OLT to multiple ONUs and aggregates upstream optical signals from multiple ONUs to the OLT. It mainly adopt PLC technology not FBT technology.
Optical Connectors – active connection of optical fiber
Optical Adapters / Couplers – precisely align and connect two fiber optic connectors.
Fiber Patch Cord – Short lengths of optic cable with connectors at both ends, flexible connections between devices or devices and fiber patch panels.
Fiber cable pigtail – there is only a connector at one end, the other end is bare fiber for splicing. It is used to terminate the optical fiber in the cable to the connector port of the distribution frame or terminal box.
Fiber Distribution Frame / Box / Cabinet: a physical platform for fiber splicing, storage, fixing, and patching management.
Optical cross-connection box (FDC): installed outdoors or in the corridor, connecting the trunk and distribution optical cables, with a built-in splitter.
Fiber splitter box (FDT): installed in the corridor, weak current well or near the user, with a built-in gpon fiber splitter, connecting the distribution cable and the service drop cable.
Roseta fibra optica / integrated information box: Installed in the user’s room, terminates the ftth fiber cable, and provides ONT/ONU placement space and power interface.
OFC Closure: It is used to protect the splicing points of indoor outdoor fiber cable, and provides fiber splice storage and sealed environment. There are straight-through type and branch type.
Fiber optic protection sleeve: After fiber cable splicing is completed, it is put on the outside of the splicing point, and it provides mechanical protection and sealing.
Fiber fast connector:Built-in a section of polished fiber, directly insert the bare fiber to complete the docking, quick installation, convenient operation and reusable.
Fusion splicing: Use a fusion splicer to permanently splice fibers, the lowest loss, the most reliable. It is the mainstream method for backbone and distribution networks. Splice machine and fiber joint sleeve are required.
Mechanical splice: No splicer is required. The optical fiber is aligned and fixed through mechanical structures such as V-grooves (usually glue or clamping). It is suitable for scenarios such as rapid repairs and FTTH home access. The loss is slightly higher than splicing, but convenient and fast.
The accessories in the fiber optic distribution box will configured according the order, mainly include cable management rings, labels, cable ties, fiber trays, adapter panels, mounting screws, pole clamps etc.
Although the fiber optic took kits are not the “product” itself, but crucial. These instruments can debug the entire fiber link, test attenuation, troubleshoot and support subsequent repairs, and are valuable tools for operation and maintenance personnel, such as optical time domain reflectometer OTDR, fiber launch cable, optical power meter, light source, visual fault locator, fiber end face detector, fusion splicer, etc.
Type | Key products | Role in GPON |
Optical cable | Outdoor trunk / distribution cables (GYTA, GYXTW, ADSS, etc.) | Build backbone and distribution network |
Drop cables (figure 8 cables) | FTTH home segment connection | |
Indoor cables (tight-buffered, branched, flat drop cable) | Wiring inside buildings | |
Passive components | GPON optical splitter (PLC) | Core: realize point-to-multipoint optical power distribution/aggregation |
Fiber connectors (SC/UPC, SC/APC, LC) | Provide pluggable active connection interface | |
Fiber adapters | Connect two connectors | |
Fiber patch cord pigtail | Flexible jumper & termination of optical cable to connector | |
Wiring facilities | ODF / fibre connection box (FDC) / fiber distribution unit (FDT) | Provide management platform for optical fiber splicing, storage, fixing, jumper and splitting |
User terminal box | User indoor termination point, place ONT | |
Fusion protection | Fiber splice box | Protect outdoor/indoor optical cable splicing point |
Fiber heat shrink sleeves | Protect splicing point | |
Mechanical splicer | Fast mechanical splicing of optical fiber (for emergency repair, FTTH terminal) |
Table 1 GPON network products related and its functions
Fiber type: GPON mainly uses G.652.D (standard singlemode fiber), and the drop cable in the home section often uses G.657.A1/A2 (bend sensitive fiber) to adapt to small bending radius deployment.
Understanding these fiber products and their applications in different sections of the GPON network (backbone network, distribution network, introduction section, user indoors) is crucial for network planning, engineering implementation and maintenance.
PON stands for passive optical network
GPON is called a passive optical network, mainly because its network architecture does not use active electronic devices, but relies on passive optical devices for signal transmission and distribution.
GPON uses the protocol OMCI (ONT Management and Control Interface). OMCI is defined in the ITU-T G.984.4 standard and is specifically used for management communication between OLT and ONT, responsible for configuration, fault detection and performance monitoring.
In addition, the technical standard of GPON is formulated by ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector), and uses unique encapsulation protocols such as GEM (General Encapsulation Method) to carry service data. The GEM encapsulation protocol provides GPON with greater flexibility and scalability, enabling it to adapt to the needs of future network development.
The maximum split ratio of GPON can reach 1:128, which means that one OLT can connect up to 128 ONUs. This means that the GPON network can support up to 128 end users through one optical fiber, thus achieving efficient and economical high-bandwidth connections.
GPON has a maximum downstream rate of 2.488 Gbps (2.5Gbps) and the upstream rate is 1.25 Gbps.
The main disadvantages of GPON include complex protocols, high equipment costs, and the need for specialized chip support. GPON follows the standards set by the International Telecommunication Union, which makes its protocol relatively complex and increases the difficulty of deployment and maintenance.
Which is better, EPON or GPON?
GPON is better than EPON. Because GPON is 2.5Gbps downstream and 1.25Gbps upstream (actually about 2.2Gbps), while EPON can only achieve 1.25Gbps (actually only 900Mbps), so GPON is more smooth for watching videos and playing games. Furthermore, GPON technology is more advanced and can carry network, IPTV, telephone and other services at the same time, so GPON is faster overall and has lower latency. Recommend!
Read more in: What are the similarities and differences between GPON and EPON?
GPON technology and ONT equipment work together in the PON network. GPON provides high-speed optical transmission capabilities, while ONT is responsible for converting optical signals into electrical signals for users to access network.
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